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1.
Microb Genom ; 9(12)2023 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38112714

ABSTRACT

In Mexico, the BA.4 and BA.5 Omicron variants dominated the fifth epidemic wave (summer 2022), superseding BA.2, which had circulated during the inter-wave period. The present study uses genome sequencing and statistical and phylogenetic analyses to examine these variants' abundance, distribution, and genetic diversity in Mexico from April to August 2022. Over 35 % of the sequenced genomes in this period corresponded to the BA.2 variant, 8 % to the BA.4 and 56 % to the BA.5 variant. Multiple subvariants were identified, but the most abundant, BA.2.9, BA.2.12.1, BA.5.1, BA.5.2, BA.5.2.1 and BA.4.1, circulated across the entire country, not forming geographical clusters. Contrastingly, other subvariants exhibited a geographically restricted distribution, most notably in the Southeast region, which showed a distinct subvariant dynamic. This study supports previous results showing that this region may be a significant entry point and contributed to introducing and evolving novel variants in Mexico. Furthermore, a differential distribution was observed for certain subvariants among specific States through time, which may have contributed to the overall increased diversity observed during this wave compared to the previous ones. This study highlights the importance of sustaining genomic surveillance to identify novel variants that may impact public health.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Humans , Mexico/epidemiology , COVID-19/epidemiology , Phylogeny , SARS-CoV-2/genetics
2.
Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc ; 61(5): 631-637, 2023 Sep 04.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37769134

ABSTRACT

The World Kidney Day was founded in 2003 by doctor Joel D. Kopple, American nephrologist, who in the session in the Congress of the International Federation of Kidney Foundations explained the need to implement the celebration on a day that alludes to this organ, in order to direct preventive actions for kidney disease and raise awareness in the medical community and the general population on the importance of caring for the kidneys. 3 years later, the proposal was accepted and as of 2006 World Kidney Day is celebrated. The diffusion is found throughout the world and in each place there are talks, courses, workshops, cultural activities and even marathons related to the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of kidney disease. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a disorder with a chronic, degenerative, and lethal evolution. Managing CKD requires a large amount of human, financial, and infrastructure resources. It impairs the quality of life and negatively affects survival. On the other hand, it leads to dialysis and kidney transplant treatments, which are expensive enough to put any health institution at financial risk, especially those most vulnerable. The main idea of these non-profit international organizations is to promote the well-being and improve the quality of life of people with CKD with and without dialysis, and to promote kidney transplantation as the first treatment option.


El Día Mundial del Riñón se fundó en el año 2003 por el doctor Joel D. Kopple, nefrólogo norteamericano, quien en el pleno del Congreso de la Federación Internacional de Fundaciones Renales expuso la necesidad de implementar la celebración en un día que aludiera a este órgano, con el fin de dirigir acciones de prevención para la enfermedad renal y concientizar a la comunidad médica y a la población en general de la importancia de cuidar los riñones. Tres años después, la propuesta fue aceptada y a partir del 2006 se celebra el Día Mundial del Riñón. La difusión se encuentra en todo el mundo y en cada lugar se desarrollan pláticas, cursos, talleres, actividades culturales y hasta maratones relacionados con la prevención, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la enfermedad renal. La enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) es un trastorno de evolución crónica, degenerativa y letal. Su atención demanda gran cantidad de recursos humanos, financieros y de infraestructura. Es una enfermedad que deteriora la calidad de vida y afecta negativamente la supervivencia. Por otra parte, conduce a realizar tratamientos costosos de diálisis y trasplante renal que ponen en riesgo financiero a cualquier institución de salud, sobre todo a aquellas más vulnerables. La idea principal de estos organismos internacionales sin fines de lucro es promover el bienestar y mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas con ERC con y sin diálisis, y promover el trasplante renal como primer opción de tratamiento.


Subject(s)
Kidney Transplantation , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic , Humans , Quality of Life , Kidney , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/diagnosis , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/prevention & control , Renal Dialysis
3.
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev ; 24(8): 2621-2628, 2023 Aug 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37642047

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to show how a geospatial model can be used to identify areas with a higher probability for late-stage breast cancer (BC) diagnoses. METHODS: Our study considered an ecological design. Clinical records at a tertiary care hospital were reviewed in order to obtain the place of residence and stage of the disease, which was classified as early (0-IIA) and late (IIB-IV) and whose diagnoses were made during the 2013-2017 period. Then, they were geolocated to identify the distribution and spatial trend. Subsequently, the pattern of location, i.e. scattered, random and concentrated, was statistically assessed and a geospatial model was elaborated to determine the probability of late diagnoses in the state of Jalisco, Mexico. RESULT: There were 1 954 (N) geolocated BC diagnoses: 58.3% were late. During the five-year period, a southwest-northeast trend was identified, nearly 9.5% of the surface of Jalisco, where 6 out of 10 (n= 751) late- stage diagnoses were concentrated. A concentrated and statistically significant pattern was identified in the southern, central and northern Pacific area of Jalisco, where the geospatial model delimited the places with the highest probability of late clinical stages (p <0.05). CONCLUSION: The geographical differences associated with the late diagnoses of BC suggest it is necessary to adapt and focus the strategies for early detection as an alternative to create a major impact on the population. Reproducible analysis tools were used in other contexts where geolocation data are available to complement public policies and strategies aimed to control BC.


Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms , Humans , Female , Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis , Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology , Mexico/epidemiology , Probability , Public Policy
4.
Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc ; 60(6): 606-615, 2022 Oct 25.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36282775

ABSTRACT

Background: Mortality from Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) has increased particularly in the Americas, the trend of wich could also be observed in Mexico, mainly due to the magnitude that Diabetes Mellitus and Arterial Hypertension have reached as the main causal factors. Objective: To examine the behavior and patterns associated with the demand for medical consultations for Kidney Disease (KD) in the IMSS during the period 2011-2020. Material and methods: According to the medical consultations for KD, general and adjusted rates were estimated by year and population assigned to first-level medical unit (UMF). Through geographic information systems and spatial statistics, the magnitude, behavior and patterns associated with the estimated indicators were analyzed. Results: From 2011 to 2020, the demand for KD medical consultations increased 45.8%; the behavior was unusually higher only in 1 out of 5 UMF (p < 0.05), up to 550.2 medical consultations per 1000 persons, wich were located mainly in Jalisco, Veracruz and Chiapas. The unusually higher pattern for medical consultations (p < 0.05) was observed in the same areas during each year of study. Conclusions: The demand for medical consultations by KD has increased in IMSS and has been significantly higher in UMF located in the west, east and southeast border of Mexico, which could indicate endemic areas of KD and require the development of epidemiological research to elucidate the causality of the disease.


Introducción: la mortalidad por enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) ha aumentado particularmente en las Américas, tendencia que también podría observarse en México, principalmente por la magnitud que han alcanzado la diabetes mellitus y la hipertensión arterial como principales factores causales. Objetivo: examinar el comportamiento y los patrones asociados a la demanda de consultas otorgadas por afección renal (AR) en el IMSS durante el periodo 2011-2020. Material y métodos: según las consultas otorgadas por AR se estimaron tasas generales y ajustadas por año y población adscrita a las unidades de medicina familiar (UMF). Mediante sistemas de información geográfica y estadística espacial se analizó la magnitud, comportamiento y patrones asociados a los indicadores estimados. Resultados: de 2011 a 2020 la demanda de consultas por AR en las UMF del IMSS aumentó 45.8%; el comportamiento fue atípicamente alto solo en 1 de cada 5 UMF (p < 0.05), hasta 550.2 consultas por mil derechohabientes, localizadas principalmente en Jalisco, Veracruz y Chiapas. El patrón de demanda de consultas atípicamente alto (p < 0.05) se observó en las mismas zonas durante cada año de estudio. Conclusiones: la demanda de consultas otorgadas por AR en el IMSS ha aumentado y ha sido significativamente mayor en UMF localizadas en el occidente, oriente y frontera sureste de México, lo cual podría indicar zonas endémicas de AR y, además, requerir el desarrollo de investigación epidemiológica para dilucidar la causalidad del padecimiento.


Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus , Hypertension , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic , Humans , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/diagnosis , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/epidemiology , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/therapy , Referral and Consultation , Mexico/epidemiology
6.
Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc ; 60(1): S34-S46, 2022 Feb 14.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35175695

ABSTRACT

Background: Hypertension is the most common cardiovascular risk factor that is responsible for complications such as cerebrovascular events, heart failure, acute myocardial infarction, kidney failure, arrhythmias and blindness. About 30% of the adult population older than 20 years is a carrier. 40% of carriers are unaware of suffering from it since its onset is generally asymptomatic. Unfortunately, of those who are already known to be hypertensive, only half take drug treatment and of these, only half achieve control figures (<14/90 mmHg). For several decades it has not been possible to forcefully modify the natural history of this disease despite the advancement of therapeutic drugs. The Mexican Institute of Social Security launches the initiative of the Integrated Care Protocols (PAI) of the main diseases. This protocol shows how the three levels of medical care are concatenated, the role of each of the members of the multidisciplinary team for medical care, including: doctor, nurse, social work, psychologist, nutritionist, among others and, to patient sharing. The main changes in diagnostic criteria, in-office and out-of-office blood pressure measurement, drug therapy (monotherapy, dual therapy and triple therapy) and non-drug therapy, and follow-up are presented. The diagnostic-therapeutic approach using algorithm as well as the diagnostic approach to secondary hypertension and special forms of hypertension such as in pregnancy, hypertensive crisis, hypertension in the elderly, ischemic or nephropathy patients.


Introducción: la hipertensión arterial sistémica (HAS) es el factor de riesgo cardiovascular más común y es responsable de complicaciones como evento cerebrovascular, insuficiencia cardiaca, infarto agudo de miocardio, insuficiencia renal, arritmias y ceguera. Alrededor del 30% de la población adulta mayor de 20 años es portadora. El 40% de los portadores ignoran padecerla ya que su inicio generalmente es asintomático. Desafortunadamente de los que ya se saben hipertensos solo la mitad toma tratamiento farmacológico y de estos, tan solo la mitad logra cifras de control (< 140/90 mmHg). Durante varias décadas no se ha logrado de forma contundente modificar la historia natural de esta enfermedad pese al avance fármaco terapéutico. El Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, lanza la iniciativa de los Protocolos de Atención Integral (PAI) de las principales enfermedades. En el presente protocolo se muestra cómo se concatenan los tres niveles de atención médica, el papel de cada uno de los integrantes del equipo multidisciplinario para la atención médica, incluyendo: médico, enfermera, trabajo social, psicólogo, nutricionista, entre otros y, la coparticipación del paciente. Se presentan los principales cambios en criterios diagnósticos, medición de la presión arterial dentro y fuera de consultorio, terapéutica farmacológica (monoterapia, terapia dual y terapia triple), no farmacológica y seguimiento. El Abordaje diagnóstico-terapéutico usando algoritmos, así como también el abordaje diagnóstico de la hipertensión secundaria y formas especiales de hipertensión tales como en el embarazo, crisis hipertensivas, hipertensión en el adulto mayor, pacientes isquémicos o con nefropatía.


Subject(s)
Delivery of Health Care, Integrated , Hypertension , Myocardial Infarction , Adult , Aged , Antihypertensive Agents/pharmacology , Antihypertensive Agents/therapeutic use , Blood Pressure , Blood Pressure Determination , Humans , Hypertension/diagnosis , Hypertension/drug therapy , Myocardial Infarction/diagnosis
7.
Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc ; 60(Suppl 2): S49-S53, 2022 12 19.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36795951

ABSTRACT

Since 2015, the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) has developed and implemented the Infarct Code emergency care protocol, with the aim of improving the diagnosis and treatment of acute myocardial infarction and thus eventually reducing mortality. In the context of the federalization and implementation of the new IMSS Bienestar care model in several states, the possibility of increasing the coverage and extension of the protocol service networks is presented, not only to eligible population but also to those who do not have social security and resides in contexts of social marginalization, to comply with article 4o. constitutional. This document describes how the proposal was made to extend and increase the service network of the Infarct Code care protocol, based on material, human and infrastructure resources of the IMSS Ordinario and Bienestar.


En el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) desde el 2015 desarrolló e implementó, el protocolo de atención de urgencias Código Infarto, con el objetivo de mejorar el diagnóstico y tratamiento del infarto agudo de miocardio y así reducir, eventualmente, la mortalidad. En el contexto de la federalización e implementación del nuevo modelo de atención IMSS-Bienestar en varias entidades federativas, se presenta la posibilidad de incrementar la cobertura y extensión de las redes de servicios del protocolo, no solo a población derechohabiente sino también a aquella que no cuenta con seguridad social, capacidad contributiva y reside en contextos de marginación social, para con ello dar cumplimiento al artículo 4º Constitucional. En este documento se describe cómo se realizó la propuesta para extender e incrementar la red de servicios del protocolo de atención Código Infarto, haciendo uso de recursos materiales, humanos y de infraestructura del IMSS Ordinario y Bienestar.


Subject(s)
Emergency Medical Services , Myocardial Infarction , Humans , Emergency Medical Services/methods , Myocardial Infarction/diagnosis , Mexico/epidemiology , Social Security , Academies and Institutes
8.
Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc ; 60(Suppl 2): S54-S64, 2022 12 19.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36795956

ABSTRACT

Two years after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Mexican Institute for Social Security (IMSS, according to its initials in Spanish) rethought new projects focused on the new needs of the population and social security organizations and institutions. The Institute, as a cornerstone in the search for the wellbeing of Mexicans, aligned with the National Development Plan and the Strategic Health for Wellbeing Program, sought to direct its transformation towards a preventive, resilient, comprehensive, innovative, sustainable, modern and accessible IMSS. For this reason, the Medical Services Director designed the PRIISMA Project, as the one that over the next three years could make possible to innovate and improve its medical care processes, starting with the recovery of medical services and identifying those groups of beneficiaries who experience the most vulnerable circumstances. The PRIISMA project consisted of five sub-projects: 1. Vulnerable groups; 2. Efficient and effective care; 3. Prevent IMSS plus; 4 IMSS University and 5. Recovery of medical services. The strategies of each project seek to improve medical care for all IMSS beneficiaries and users with a human rights perspective and by priority groups; the goal is reducing the gaps in access to health care, leaving no one behind and leaving no one out; and to surpass the goals for medical services provided before the pandemic. This document provides an overview of strategies and progress of the PRIISMA sub-projects achieved during 2022.


Después de dos años del inicio de la pandemia por COVID-19, el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) se replanteó nuevos proyectos enfocados a las nuevas necesidades de la población y de las organizaciones e instituciones de salud y seguridad social. El Instituto, como piedra angular de la búsqueda del bienestar de las mexicanas y mexicanos, alineado al Plan Nacional de Desarrollo y al Programa Estratégico de Salud para el Bienestar, buscó dirigir su transformación hacia un IMSS más preventivo, resiliente, integral, innovador, sostenible, moderno y accesible. Por ello la Dirección de Prestaciones Médicas diseñó el Proyecto PRIISMA, el cual durante los próximos tres años permitirá innovar y mejorar sus procesos de atención médica, comenzando con la recuperación de los servicios médicos y la identificación de aquellos grupos de derechohabientes que experimentan mayores circunstancias en situación de vulnerabilidad. El Proyecto PRIISMA está constituido por cinco subproyectos: 1) grupos en situación de vulnerabilidad; 2) atención eficiente y eficaz; 3) PrevenIMSS más; 4) Universidad IMSS, y 5) recuperación de servicios médicos. Las estrategias de cada proyecto buscan mejorar la atención médica de todos los derechohabientes y usuarios del IMSS con perspectiva de derechos humanos y por grupos prioritarios; se trata de reducir las brechas para el acceso a la salud sin dejar a nadie atrás y a nadie fuera; además, con ellas se busca superar las metas de atención de servicios médicos otorgados antes de la pandemia. El presente documento da a conocer los porqués, las estrategias y los avances de los subproyectos PRIISMA logrados durante el 2022.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Pandemics , Humans , Pandemics/prevention & control , COVID-19/epidemiology , COVID-19/prevention & control , Mexico/epidemiology , Social Security
9.
Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc ; 60(Suppl 2): S142-S149, 2022 12 19.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36796096

ABSTRACT

The COVID-19 pandemic established a new challenge for health services in Mexico, which is why these services faced the challenge of responding to the affected people, by providing them services with opportunity, efficiency, effectiveness and safety. The Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS, Mexican Institute for Social Security) gave medical attention to the larger number of affected people: towards the end of September, 2022, 3,335,552 patients were registered, who represented 47% of the total (7,089,209) of confirmed COVID-19 cases since the beginning of the pandemic in 2020. Of all the cases treated, 295,065 (8.8%) required hospitalization. In addition of new scientific evidence and the implementation of best practices in medical care and directive management (with the general objective of improvement of the processes in hospital attention, even without an effective treatment at the time), we presented an evaluation, supervision method with a comprehensive (involving the three levels of health services) and analytic (structure, process, result and directive management components) approach. The achievement of specific goals and lines of action was established in a technical guideline with health policies for the COVID-19 medical care. These guidelines were instrumented with a standardized evaluation tool, a result dashboard and a risk assessment calculator, improving the quality of medical care and directive management by the multidisciplinary health team.


La pandemia por COVID-19 puso a prueba la prestación de servicios de los sistemas de salud en México, por lo que estos enfrentaron el reto de responder a la necesidad de las personas afectadas al otorgar servicios oportunos, eficientes, eficaces y seguros. El Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) atendió el mayor número de personas afectadas: al cierre de septiembre del 2022, se registraron 3,335,552 pacientes atendidos, quienes representaron 47% del total (7,089,209) de casos confirmados desde el inicio de la pandemia en 2020. De los casos notificados por el IMSS, 295,065 (8.8%) requirieron hospitalización. Mediante un atento seguimiento de la evolución de la evidencia científica (que permitió identificar y adoptar las mejores prácticas de atención médica y gestión directiva para fortalecer los procesos sustantivos en la atención hospitalaria, aun sin un tratamiento eficaz), se integró un método de evaluación, supervisión y asesoría, con enfoque integral (que involucró los tres niveles de atención médica) y analítico (componentes de estructura, proceso, resultado y gestión directiva). Los objetivos de la atención y las líneas de acción se describieron en una guía técnica que estableció las políticas de atención médica al COVID-19. Asimismo, fue instrumentado con una cédula de evaluación estandarizada, un tablero de control de resultados y una herramienta de estratificación del riesgo. Con ello se mejoró la calidad de atención por medio de la participación del personal directivo y de equipos multidisciplinarios de salud, los cuales permitieron la toma de decisiones clínicas y gerenciales.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Pandemics , Humans , COVID-19/epidemiology , COVID-19/therapy , Hospitals , Patient Care Team , Mexico/epidemiology , Social Security
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